Business Management And Accounting And Appropriate Data...

Executive Summary The approach adopted in this paper is to discuss three types of research methods available within the business management and accounting and appropriate data analysis techniques available within the field. As Creswell (2002) noted, qualitative method concentrates on words and observations to express reality and attempts to describe people in natural situations. In contrast, the quantitative approach grows out of a strong academic tradition that places considerable trust in numbers that represent opinions or concepts. Also, there is another research approach, mixed method, which integrates both previous methods and it combines main aspects of two others for more applicable results. The use of a mixed methods approach is†¦show more content†¦This paper also will present a summary of the different research methods to conduct research in quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies and will evaluate this three common research approaches in conjunction with the various re search designs commonly used. Also, the main dimensions of the discussion about the relative characteristics and merits of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodology will be outlined; moreover the essay will develops the arguments that the use of a single methodology often fails to explore all of these components. Research Methodology Although, research is important in both business and academic activities, there is no adherence in the literature on how it should be defined. As D. Amaratunga et al. (2002) explained, it will come up from the many different offered definitions that there is an agreement which research is a process of examination and investigation as well as it is systematic, methodical and knowledgeable. There are three major research paradigms in business management and accounting: quantitative method, qualitative method and mixed method which they have individual approaches and the researchers gain specific results by using them; however, these methods have some differences from each other which it may cause some problems and deficiency in results. As Creswell (2002) has noted, quantitative research is the process of collecting, analysing, interpreting and writing the results of a study, while qualitative

Agriculture and Population Growth Essay - 846 Words

Agriculture and Population Growth The earth is increasing its population by 90 million people per year, and yet we still have 5.9 billion people left to feed and to give shelter (Mitchell, 1998). Along with the increase in the population, there are also more people on Earth who are living longer lives. The global population boom has coincided with the improvement of health, and of productivity, around the world. On average, the human population today lives longer, eats better, produces more, and consumes more than at any other time period in the past (Eberstadt, 1995). Agriculture feeds people, but will it be able to feed the expanding global population, especially with its exponential increase? One way for the population of today and†¦show more content†¦Minimizing agricultural areas through intensification would seem like a great idea for preserving more land. Technology has been a viable part of higher productivity in agriculture. Innovations such as tractors, seeds, chemicals, irrigation measures, fertilizers, pesticides, and genetic engineering have played a major part in raising yields without having to clear more fields. But is technology the key to ensuring sustainable agriculture for a growing population. Many countries have tripled or even quadrupled the amount of grain they produce. Unfortunately, yields have been decreasing while population continues to increase. Grain yields per hectare have been slowing since 1990, rising only 3 percent from 1990-1996 or 0.5 percent per year. This does not keep pace with population growth which is at 1.6 percent per year (Brown, 1997). Along with population growth, there is a growing demand for a more calorie-filled diet, especially with the unprecedented rise in affluence in Asia. Meat is becoming the food of choice rather than low calorie wheat or vegetables. Since it takes more grain and water to produce animal protein than vegetable protein, added pressure is placed on the environment. From 1990 to 1995, China’s grain consumption increased by 40 million tons; 33 million tons were consumed as animal feeds (Brown, 1997). As economiesShow MoreRelatedCultural Evolution And Population Growth1372 Words   |  6 PagesWorldwide, the origin of agriculture has been a controversial subject among scholars not only due to the variety of proposals about where it was originated but also because of the different possible factors that triggered the early domestication of plants. 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In national plans, the government formulates strategies and policies for development of different sectors of the economy and set targets of growth for the sectors - agriculture, industryRead MoreAgriculture in India: Before and After Independence1101 Words   |  5 PagesAgriculture In India – Introduction Agriculture has been an integral part of the Indian Economy, before and after Independence, despite its decline in share of GDP (17.2% as of 2011). Half of India’s population depends on Agriculture as a livelihood. India is 2nd in farm output. It the largest producer of coriander, spices, millets and many more; second in fruits such as mangoes and papaya; and third in rapeseed, tomatoes and coconuts. Yet 1/3rd of Indian population is under poverty line. BeforeRead MoreBritish Industrialization Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesrapid expansion in population, in what he called demo-economic systems. This was mainly on the basis that rural peasants required a labour force to produce output, and by increasing fertility, they were able to breed one. Despite this, Medick suggested that the reason for increased fertility was earlier marriage, as the previous relationship between agriculturally inherited land and marriage, had been removed by the growth of industries. Levine cited that this population growth was vital, as itRead MoreCritical Examination of Malthusian Theory of Population Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesHe lived his life from 1766 to 1834 AD. After writing an essay on the Principle of Population in 1805 AD, he became popular in the history of population studies. In his essay which later on became a very famous theory by the name Malthusian Theory. In the theory, he has drawn some assumptions such as: ol li value=1 Human beings have great potentialities to produce children li value=2 In agriculture Law of Diminishing Returns operates li value=3 Human beings will need food to

Marketing communications plan Free Essays

Trends in the pub industry The British pub industry includes approximately 60,000 pubs that fall into three categories: managed (operated by a manager), leased/tenanted, and individual (operated by the owner) pubs (Mitchells Butlers, 2005).   The British Beer Pub Association reports that â€Å"in the last 10 years food sales in Britain’s 30,000 managed pubs have risen by 165%†, with smaller increases posted by the smaller 30,000 pubs (Bowers, 2005). The British pub has traditionally fulfilled a variety of roles, serving both as a point for informal communication, a social venue for watching sports games or playing indoor sports, or even a family get-together. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing communications plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although recent scandals concerning â€Å"binge drinking and town centre rowdiness in 2004† attracted the attention to the pub as a source of such antisocial behaviour, its role in British society has traditionally been much broader (Mintel, 2004). In any case, exposure of pubs to negative publicity has led to strengthening of governmental regulations concerning the sector. The current fight in the pub industry is against â€Å"the government’s health bill exempting non-food pubs from a proposed smoking ban† (Bowers, 2005). This supposedly creates an uneven playing field for bars that serve food since they have to restrict smoking on their premises. At the same time, the proportion of pubs offering food service rose from about 50% in the 1990s to roughly 80% (Bowers, 2005). Owners and operators of bars subject to the smoke ban point to the fact that it will disadvantage food-serving bars, since the proportion of smokers among pub visitors is estimated by the British Beer Pub Association to be in the range of 40-50% – about â€Å"twice the national average† (Bowers, 2005). The economic landscape in the UK is favourable for spending since consumers feel confidence in the economy. At the same time, pubs can be affected by the growing popularity of healthy lifestyles that includes a greater number of people â€Å"who simply want a quiet (or lively) drink in the comfortable, friendly type of pub that is permanently attractive for foreign tourists as well the British themselves† (Mintel, 2004). More and more people will treat bars not simply as venues for drinking; on the contrary, they want to have meals there. Pubs begin to dissociate with rowdiness that tainted their image and emerge as credible eating establishments can be attributed to the industry’s attempts to appeal to a wider section of the market due to competition from supermarkets, government regulation and societal changes including a more health conscious consumer. Bright, open interiors and smoke free environments make them more appealing to such consumers and the female audience. However, alcohol sales remain the driving force of profitability in bars. In this area, consumers now seek a higher quality experience. One of the trends is increase in wine sales, attributable in part to the simple addition of ice to the drink (Solley, 2005). According to the National Office of Statistics, champagne is now one of the most regular purchases in the UK, particularly non-vintage and rosà © lines. The growth has been attributed to younger drinkers who treat champagne as less a drink solely for special occasions (Bill, 2006). Still, the British Beer Pub Association (2003) reports that â€Å"in the UK 28 million pints of beer are consumed every day, which equates to 100 litres per head each year – compared to 20 litres of wine per head†. Positioning – A bar with a difference The proposed bar on Lisburn Road will seek to differentiate itself from other bars in the city by offering   a high quality customer experience catered to the tastes of a more exclusive clientele. The competitive advantage of the facility will be the provision of excellent service and superior food and drink not available in other establishments; focusing on these features, the bar will not engage in price competition. The wide assortment of traditional drinks will be complemented by a meticulously selected wine list including champagne varieties, locally produced cider and ale and a selection of less common malt whiskeys. Customers will be informed of the wide variety of drinks through wine and whiskey tasting promotions. The bar will appeal to health-conscious consumers with by offering low-cost meals from a standard menu prepared with the finest locally sourced ingredients. The emphasis on social experience, quality food, and large choice of drinks will be distinctive features of the new bar. Segmentation The new bar will target the following groups in the target market: Professionals coming in after work to have a few drinks and chat with colleagues after a long working day Couples looking for a pleasant social experience, dinner and sometimes a bottle of wine Students occupying the bar in the day-time and in the evening to enjoy a get-together and discuss class assignments WOOFS (well-off older folks) enjoying their post-retirement life and spending some of their time in local bars to have a pleasant dinner DINKS – couples without children but with a high income that permits them to allocate a large portion of their income to dining. Overall, the target audience will include individuals with high disposable income, high expectations of service, food quality and drink variety, and preference for establishments with style. References Bowers, S. (2005, October 28). Smoking ban is unworkable, says pub industry. Guardian. Retrieved April 29, 2006, from http://society.guardian.co.uk/health/news/0,,1602801,00.html British Beer Pub Association (2003). Beer and Pub Facts. Retrieved April 29, 2006, from http://www.beerandpub.com/content.asp?id_Content=704 Mintel International Group Ltd. (2004, August 1). Pub Visiting – UK. Retrieved April 29, 2006, from http://www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=1037778g=1 Mitchells Butlers. (2005). Pub Operating Models. Retrieved April 29, 2006, from http://www.mbplc.com/index.asp?pageid=425 How to cite Marketing communications plan, Essay examples

Paleolithic vs. Neolithic free essay sample

It has long been understood that in order for a species to survive there needs to be a certain level of adaptation. It is an integral and well-known concept of the human race and a familiar and widely accepted component in the development of man. Essentially, this is what happened when the Paleolithic cultures evolved into the Mesolithic, and eventually the Neolithic culture. The concepts of specialization and diversification were relevant in the transformation of these cultures. Specialization can be defined as a structural adaptation of a body part to a particular function or of n organism for life in a particular environment (Merriam-Webster). The hunter- gatherers of the Paleolithic culture were prepared, sometimes at a moments notice, to pick up and evacuate their current living areas in order to migrate to an environment in which their living conditions would be greatly improved. Such conditions included better climates, and most importantly, more suitable land to live off of. We will write a custom essay sample on Paleolithic vs. Neolithic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The scarcity of food was a major problem at the time. The hunter-gatherers of the Paleolithic society were tasked with solving this prevalent issue and they did so with the strategic use of tools and stone. Such tools include the common hand axe, chisel, the arrow and spearhead, and the grinder (Early Humans). Tools such as these enabled them to acquire larger quantities of food and necessities for a longer, and ultimately, a more healthful life. The decision process of the nomadic people with regards to the settlement location and migration patterns were largely a factor based upon the current conditions of the weather. There were not many women or children whom survived, the population mainly consisted of aggressive men who were a part of smaller groups, made up predominately of adults usually numbering round thirty. This in turn made it easier to provide food and shelter since there were a fewer number of people. During the Paleolithic era, peoples main occupation was probably finding enough food to survive. Eventually, the Paleolithic culture had to undergo a transformation in order to sustain a longer, improved lifestyle, taking them out of the Stone Age and into the New Age, also known as the Neolithic Era. The Neolithic culture began when humans discovered agriculture and raising cattle, which allowed them to no longer need to live a nomadic life style (Hunter- Gatherers to Farmers). The culture of the Neolithic people began to progress due to the fact that they began to settle with larger groups in a more stationary setting of one area. By this point, the Neanderthals were now all deceased. In this reality sprung the early signs of civilization such as cities, the social system of hierarchy, and an overall more literate population of people. This time period, beginning around about 9500 B. C. , became known as the agricultural revolution. They eventually evolved from hunter-gatherers into farmers whom still gathered food from the wild, ut they now had crops that they cultivated, making the food supply more abundant and more tailored to an increasing population. They were able to settle in fertile areas with predictable climate, usually near river basins (Neolithic vs. Paleolithic), but no longer were the inhabitants of these lands light on the earth like the Paleolithic people before them. The accumulation of more possessions such as livestock became prevalent, thus requiring more space. More women and children survived as well, making the size of the groups increase from around 100 to 1,000 eople; a drastic change from the Paleolithic groups. The increase in population caused diseases to spread amongst the groups of Neolithic people because of the close proximity and relativity to others. A social hierarchy eventually had to be enacted to keep the growing population in order. Technology, language, and art continued to advance in the Neolithic culture once people started to work together, extending the knowledge, and creating an environment more suitable for the developments to come. The issue of ownership also became prevalent since before here existed no concept of owning specific land. Private property came to be during this time, in effect causing the emergence of ownership of land, livestock, and even tools. As I became more informed on the transformation of the Paleolithic to Neolithic culture, I could not help but to start comparing the changes they underwent to that of the Native Americans and White Settlers. The Native Americans led a simple life, one marked by the use of land as a means of survival. They were a nomadic type of hunter-gatherers usually ruled by tribal leaders and elders Just as the Paleolithic eople were. When obstacles such as seasonal-change and weather were thrust upon them, they would uproot and find another place to survive. Also, the Paleolithic culture believed in spiritual rituals, as did the Native Americans. Dr. Miles H. Hodges explains, His (Paleolithic man) world view informs him that all events in life result from the actions of the spiritual world working in an invisible way in and through the visible world. The visible world of material reality is merely the outer form or dressing of an even greater inner reality (Paleolithic Society and Culture). This concept aligned with the beliefs of the Native Americans and their respect for the spiritual world. An example that is parallel with the spiritual beliefs of both the Native Americans and Paleolithic people would be if a hunt were to bring success there were important spiritual rituals to be performed. The Neolithic people became the White Settlers in my mind mainly because of the fact that life became more structured in a sense. Due to this structure, more focus was put on the advancement and expansion of the culture. They also had a similar effect on the land because they id not live lightly or have the same respect for it as the Native Americans did. The Neolithic Age marked the beginnings of established society for modern man, comparable to the White Settlers when they institutionalized beliefs such as religion. Overall, the reason for comparing the Paleolithic and Neolithic times with the Native Americans and White Settlers is because of the fact that an evolution, or change, that began approximately 1 1 years ago (Neolithic Revolution), essentially repeated at a time more relevant to generations closer to us. This concept, in turn, as made the subject in its entirety, an easier topic to understand. Changes are constant in this world; they have continued to be so since the beginning of the human race. In the end, the Paleolithic culture was a gateway into the Neolithic culture and ultimately served as a stepping-stone for the advancement of the Neolithic culture. The resulting innovations in society, economy, and technology in the Neolithic Age then paved the way for all of modern civilization. The change from roaming hoards of prehistoric man to settled agriculturists allowed for the establishment ot society out ot a nomadic culture.